FAQs

It's a multi-year study of young white sharks off Southern California that we began in 2002. The project has two goals: to use electronic tagging and tracking to better understand the biology of these threatened ocean predators and to determine, systematically, whether it is possible for us to keep and exhibit a young white shark. We believe that by tagging and exhibiting white sharks we can contribute significantly to public understanding and protection of these maligned animals—an ecologically important and increasingly threatened species. By collaborating with several research partners we've had success in both efforts. In the wild, the project is now focused on tracking young-of-the-year white sharks (white sharks less than one year old). In 2004-05, we were able to exhibit a white shark for a record 198 days, then successfully return her to the wild. Aquarium Executive Director Julie Packard says the white shark's impact on visitors made her "the most powerful emissary for ocean conservation in our history." In 2006-07, we repeated our success, keeping a second white shark for 137 days before tagging and returning him to the wild.

Most past attempts by aquariums involved capturing a white shark and putting it directly on exhibit. Starting in 2002, we took a more cautious and methodical approach developed through a collaboration with shark experts and aquarium colleagues from around the world. Our demonstrated success involved working with a white shark in an ocean pen before gradually proceeding, step-by-step, toward putting it on exhibit. If at any point in the process the shark had not done well, we would have released it back to the wild right away.

Our four-million-gallon ocean pen gives the shark a chance to recover from the stress of being caught in fishing gear, either accidentally in commercial gear or on hook-and-line by our husbandry collectors. Also, by working with the shark in the ocean pen, we can learn how well it maneuvers in an enclosed space—an important step in evaluating whether it would do well on exhibit at the aquarium.

Our mission is to inspire conservation of the oceans. We know that bringing people face-to-face with living marine animals is a powerful way to move them to care about the oceans and ocean life. White sharks are among the most maligned animals on Earth and one of many shark species worldwide threatened by human activities. In fact, white sharks are protected under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). We believe there's no better way for us to raise awareness about the threats white sharks face than to let people see for themselves what magnificent and fascinating animals they are, tell the story of the threats they face in the wild and offer ways to take action that will protect them. When we had a white shark on exhibit in 2004-05, nearly a million people saw her in person—and took home important conservation messages about sharks. In 2006-07, our shark was seen by nearly 600,000 people.

Any white shark we keep is placed in our million-gallon Outer Bay exhibit, where it joins many other open-ocean species, including bluefin and yellowfin tunas, bonito, barracuda, sea turtles and other sharks. This exhibit was designed to simulate the open-ocean environment and engineered with sharks in mind. (For example, we dampened as much as possible the electrical field interference created by life-support equipment in the exhibit.)

Two methods. Sometimes our husbandry staff attempts to collect young white sharks directly, by hook-and-line. We also rely on commercial fishing crews in Southern California, who occasionally catch juvenile white sharks accidentally while fishing for other species. We've asked crews to contact us if they capture a young white shark that's alive and healthy. We have a rapid response team standing by to work with any sharks that are caught by commercial fishermen. Team members assess the sharks' health and either transfer them to the ocean holding pen, or tag them and return them to the wild. There are many unknowns with sharks that are bycatch from a commercial fishery: how long they’ve been in the net, and to what degree their health has been compromised as a result. We have much more confidence that we’re starting with a healthy animal when our team does the collecting.

An animal's feeding behavior is one of the best indicators of how it's feeling. If an animal is ill or stressed, it will typically stop eating. We watch carefully to see how often and how much a white shark eats and can respond immediately if there are any signs of problems. We also look for relaxed swimming patterns and calm tail beats. And we monitor its overall physical appearance.

We've found that our young white sharks on exhibit feed enthusiastically on wild-caught salmon, mackerel, black cod, albacore and sardines, supplemented with specially formulated vitamins. Juvenile white sharks are fish eaters, only switching to marine mammals when they grow larger and have increased needs for an energy-rich diet from the mammals' blubber.

Although these incidents are not unprecedented in the aquarium, they are rare, and we try to keep them to a minimum—primarily by ensuring that the animals in our care are all well fed. The first white shark we kept on exhibit bit two other sharks, though it wasn't clear that she was hunting them. The second white shark showed no interest in his exhibit-mates.

We've successfully released sharks back to the wild when they outgrew their surroundings. When we've been able to tag and track these animals, we've found that they continue to thrive in the wild, despite their time on exhibit. Data from the archival tag retrieved from the white shark released to the wild in March 2005, showed that she survived and thrived after release. Also, after spending four years at the aquarium, a sevengill shark swam several hundred miles back to its home waters and survived another two years before she was caught by a sport fisherman.

If we find that a shark is not eating, but otherwise appears to be in good health, we'll return it to the wild. If a shark appears to be sick or injured and unlikely to survive a return to the wild, we will euthanize it humanely and perform a necropsy so we can learn as much as possible.

Working with Stanford University scientists, through our collaboration in the Tuna Research and Conservation Center (TRCC), and with other research partners, we hope to learn more about the lives of juvenile white sharks in the wild. We want to learn where they go and what they do. Basically, we want to study how they fit into the ocean ecosystem in the first year or so of their lives. We’re also supporting and participating in tagging studies of adult white sharks off California’s Central Coast.

The 9 juvenile white sharks we've tagged tended to remain in the coastal zone, although some traveled more extensively than others over the months we've tracked them. They traveled from Southern California to halfway down the Baja Peninsula, thus inhabiting both U.S. and Mexican waters. While they spent most of their time in shallow waters, they also showed an ability to make 1,000-foot dives. The 96 adult white sharks tagged off the coast of Northern California have made long journeys into the Eastern Pacific to a spot nicknamed the "Shark Café," and have ranged as far west as Hawaii. In future years, we'd like to learn whether their behavior changes from season to season, and what they're doing during their migrations.

In addition to our tagging work, we're also collecting tissue samples from young sharks killed in Baja California fisheries. By working with research colleagues, we hope to use DNA to document genetic diversity within the shark population in Mexico—perhaps throwing light on how many female sharks are birthing pups in the region.

Juvenile sharks are caught accidentally in commercial and sport fishing gear. Whatever we learn about their movement patterns can play a role in developing management strategies to protect them. By knowing what habitats juvenile white sharks use and the distances they roam, resource managers will have a better understanding of the risks white sharks face and will be able to conserve these rare animals more effectively.

We use a "pop-up satellite archival tag." Attached externally to a shark, it collects data—on temperature, depth and light (used to estimate position)—which it stores in a tiny computer. On a pre-programmed date, the tag pops off the shark and floats to the surface. When the tags are recovered, the data on them are sent via satellite back to the laboratory and analyzed. Some tags wash ashore, and their data are recovered when the tags are found and returned by beachcombers. This year, we deployed the first of our "smart position-only tags" (SPOTs) that can provide near-real-time information about where the sharks go.

Yes, they're considered a threatened species, and their numbers have declined greatly in recent decades. They're protected in many places where they live, including California, Australia and South Africa. They're slow-growing and late to reach sexual maturity, and they produce relatively few offspring. This makes them highly vulnerable to exploitation. They can be killed accidentally in fishing gear and are often targeted by trophy hunters. Because of trophy hunting, they're now protected under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).